elements of the text that are not considered the main body. These may include typography (bold, italic, underlined), font style, guide words, key words, titles, diagrams, captions, labels, maps, charts, illustrations, tables, photographs, and sidebars/text boxes

refers to the way the author organizes text

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

the intended purpose of a text

literary or thematic categories (e.g., adventure, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, folklore, historical, horror, legend, mystery, mythology, picture book, science fiction, biography, essay, journalism, manual, memoir, personal narrative, speech)

for example, circular, iterative, cyclical

First Peoples stories often have protocols for when and where they can be shared, who owns them, and who can share them.

Oral traditions are the means by which cultural transmission occurs over generations, other than through written records. Among First Peoples, oral traditions may consist of told stories, songs, and/or other types of distilled wisdom or information, often complemented by dance or various forms of visual representation such as carvings or masks. In addition to expressing spiritual and emotional truth (e.g., via symbol and metaphor), these traditions provide a record of literal truth (e.g., regarding events and/or situations). They were integrated into every facet of life and were the basis of First Peoples education systems. They continue to endure in contemporary contexts.
In Canadian law, First Peoples oral history is valid evidence of ownership of the land. The Supreme Court of Canada recognizes that First Peoples oral histories are as important as written documents in considering legal issues.

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

literary or thematic categories (e.g., adventure, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, folklore, historical, horror, legend, mystery, mythology, picture book, science fiction, biography, essay, journalism, manual, memoir, personal narrative, speech)

stylistic choices that make a specific writer distinguishable from others, including diction, vocabulary, sentence structure, and tone

avoiding common usage errors (e.g., double negatives, mixed metaphors, malapropisms, and word misuse)

common practices of standard punctuation, capitalization, quoting, and Canadian spelling

Texts use various literary devices, including figurative language, according to purpose and audience.

There are many strategies that readers use when making sense of text. Students consider what strategies they need to use to “unpack” text. They employ strategies with increasing independence depending on the purpose, text, and context. Strategies include but may not be limited to predicting, inferring, questioning, paraphrasing, using context clues, using text features, visualizing, making connections, summarizing, identifying big ideas, synthesizing, and reflecting.

includes speaking with expression, connecting to listeners, asking questions to clarify, listening for specifics, summarizing, paraphrasing

There are various writing processes depending on context. These may include determining audience and purpose, generating or gathering ideas, free-writing, making notes, drafting, revising, and/or editing. Writers often have very personalized processes when writing. Writing is an iterative process.

elements of the text that are not considered the main body. These may include typography (bold, italic, underlined), font style, guide words, key words, titles, diagrams, captions, labels, maps, charts, illustrations, tables, photographs, and sidebars/text boxes

refers to the way the author organizes text

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

the intended purpose of a text

literary or thematic categories (e.g., adventure, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, folklore, historical, horror, legend, mystery, mythology, picture book, science fiction, biography, essay, journalism, manual, memoir, personal narrative, speech)

the process of two or more people working together and influencing each other, including the ability of a user to interact with the digital media or with a computer to respond to user input

for example, circular, iterative, cyclical

First Peoples stories often have protocols for when and where they can be shared, who owns them, and who can share them.

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

literary or thematic categories (e.g., adventure, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, folklore, historical, horror, legend, mystery, mythology, picture book, science fiction, biography, essay, journalism, manual, memoir, personal narrative, speech)

stylistic choices that make a specific writer distinguishable from others, including diction, vocabulary, sentence structure, and tone

avoiding common usage errors (e.g., double negatives, mixed metaphors, malapropisms, and word misuse)

common practices of standard punctuation, capitalization, quoting, and Canadian spelling

Texts use various literary devices, including figurative language, according to purpose and audience.

There are many strategies that readers use when making sense of text. Students consider what strategies they need to use to “unpack” text. They employ strategies with increasing independence depending on the purpose, text, and context. Strategies include but may not be limited to predicting, inferring, questioning, paraphrasing, using context clues, using text features, visualizing, making connections, summarizing, identifying big ideas, synthesizing, and reflecting.

includes speaking with expression, connecting to listeners, asking questions to clarify, listening for specifics, summarizing, paraphrasing

• thinking about one’s own thinking, and reflecting on one’s processes and determining strengths and challenges
• Students employ metacognitive strategies to gain increasing independence in learning.

There are various writing processes depending on context. These may include determining audience and purpose, generating or gathering ideas, free-writing, making notes, drafting, revising, and/or editing. Writers often have very personalized processes when writing. Writing is an iterative process.

elements of the text that are not considered the main body. These may include typography (bold, italic, underlined), font style, guide words, key words, titles, diagrams, captions, labels, maps, charts, illustrations, tables, photographs, and sidebars/text boxes

refers to the way the author organizes text

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

the intended purpose of a text

literary or thematic categories (e.g., adventure, fable, fairy tale, fantasy, folklore, historical, horror, legend, mystery, mythology, picture book, science fiction, biography, essay, journalism, manual, memoir, personal narrative, speech)

for example, circular, iterative, cyclical

First Peoples stories often have protocols for when and where they can be shared, who owns them, and who can share them).