“Text” and “texts” are generic terms referring to all forms of oral, written, visual, or digital communication:

• Oral texts include speeches, poems, plays, oral stories, and songs.
• Written texts include novels, articles, and short stories.
• Visual texts include posters, photographs, and other images.
• Digital texts include electronic forms of all of the above.
• Oral, written, and visual elements can be combined (e.g., in dramatic presentations, graphic novels, films, web pages, advertisements).

narrative texts, whether real or imagined, that teach us about human nature, motivation, behaviour, and experience, and often reflect a personal journey or strengthen a sense of identity. They may also be considered the embodiment of collective wisdom. Stories can be oral, written, or visual and used to instruct, inspire, and entertain listeners and readers.

a written, oral, visual, digital, or multimodal text that:

• presents authentic First Peoples voices (i.e., historical or contemporary texts created by First Peoples, or created through the substantial contributions of First Peoples)
• depicts themes and issues important to First Peoples cultures (e.g., loss of identity and affirmation of identity, tradition, healing, role of family, importance of Elders, connection to the land, the nature and place of spirituality as an aspect of wisdom, the relationships between individual and community, the importance of oral tradition, the experience of colonization and decolonization)
• incorporates First Peoples storytelling techniques and features as applicable (e.g., circular structure, repetition, weaving in of spirituality, humour)
• includes respectful portrayals or representation of First Peoples, their traditions, and their beliefs

the movement to heal the relationship between First Peoples and Canada that was damaged by colonial policies such as the Indian residential school system

any type of oral, written, visual, or digital expression or communication:

• Visual texts can include gestural and spatial components (as in dance) as well as images (some examples are posters, photographs, paintings, carvings, poles, textiles, regalia, and masks).
• Digital texts can include electronic forms of oral, written, and visual expression.
• Multimodal texts can include any combination of oral, written, visual, and/or digital elements and can be delivered via different media or technologies (some examples are dramatic presentations, web pages, music videos, online presentations, graphic novels, and closed-captioned films).

 a narrative text that shares ideas about human nature, motivation, behaviour, and experience. Stories can record history, reflect a personal journey, or explore identity. Stories can be oral, written, or visual, and used to instruct, inspire, and/or entertain listeners and readers.

any type of oral, written, visual, or digital expression or communication:

• Visual texts can include gestural and spatial components (as in dance) as well as images (some examples are posters, photographs, paintings, carvings, poles, textiles, regalia, and masks).
• Digital texts can include electronic forms of oral, written, and visual expression.
• Multimodal texts can include any combination of oral, written, visual, and/or digital elements and can be delivered via different media or technologies (some examples are dramatic presentations, web pages, music videos, online presentations, graphic novels, and closed-captioned films).

a narrative text that shares ideas about human nature, motivation, behaviour, and experience. Stories can record history, reflect a personal journey, or explore identity. Stories can be oral, written, or visual, and used to instruct, inspire, and/or entertain listeners and readers.

the movement to heal the relationship between First Peoples and Canada that was damaged by colonial policies such as the Indian residential school system

a written, oral, visual, digital, or multimodal text that:

• presents authentic First Peoples voices (i.e., historical or contemporary texts created by First Peoples, or created through the substantial contributions of First Peoples)
• depicts themes and issues important to First Peoples cultures (e.g., loss of identity and affirmation of identity, tradition, healing, role of family, importance of Elders, connection to the land, the nature and place of spirituality as an aspect of wisdom, the relationships between individual and community, the importance of oral tradition, the experience of colonization and decolonization)
• incorporates First Peoples storytelling techniques and features as applicable (e.g., circular structure, repetition, weaving in of spirituality, humour)
• includes respectful portrayals or representation of First Peoples, and their traditions and beliefs