There are various writing and/or design processes depending on context, and these may include determining audience and purpose, generating or gathering ideas, free-writing, making notes, drafting, revising and/or editing, and selecting appropriate format and layout

Students expand their understanding of the range of real-world audiences. These can include children, peers, community members, professionals, and local and globally connected digital conversations.

Strategies may include conscious use of emotion, volume, pace, pause, inflection, and emphasis.

Strategies may include receptive body language, eye contact, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, and disagreeing respectfully.

may include debate, presentation, speech, small- and large-group discussion, interviewing, performance, school- and community-based forums

such as to inquire, to explore, to inform, to interpret, to explain, to take a position, to evaluate, to problem solve, to entertain

using active listening skills and receptive body language, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, disagreeing respectfully, extending thinking (e.g., shifting, changing) to broader contexts (social media, digital environments), collaborating in large and small groups

Students should be prompted to understand the influence of family, friends, community, education, spirituality/religion, gender identity, age, sexual orientation, land/place, settlement patterns, economic factors, political events (local and beyond), and colonial policies; to understand that authors write from a perspective influenced by such factors; and to understand the relationship between text and context.