Strategies may include conscious use of emotion, volume, pace, pause, inflection, and emphasis.

Strategies may include receptive body language, eye contact, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, and disagreeing respectfully.

may include debate, presentation, speech, small- and large-group discussion, interviewing, performance, school- and community-based forums

such as to inquire, to explore, to inform, to interpret, to explain, to take a position, to evaluate, to problem solve, to entertain

“Text” and “texts” are generic terms referring to all forms of oral, written, visual, or digital communication:

• Oral texts include speeches, poems, plays, oral stories, and songs.
• Written texts include novels, articles, and short stories.
• Visual texts include posters, photographs, and other images.
• Digital texts include electronic forms of all of the above.
• Oral, written, and visual elements can be combined (e.g., in dramatic presentations, graphic novels, films, web pages, advertisements).

using active listening skills and receptive body language, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, disagreeing respectfully, extending thinking (e.g., shifting, changing) to broader contexts (social media, digital environments), collaborating in large and small groups

Students should be prompted to understand the influence of family, friends, community, education, spirituality/religion, gender identity, age, sexual orientation, land/place, settlement patterns, economic factors, political events (local and beyond), and colonial policies; to understand that authors write from a perspective influenced by such factors; and to understand the relationship between text and context.

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

refers to the consideration of format choices including layout, sequencing, spacing, topography, and colour

refers to the way the author organizes text

elements of the text that are not considered the main body. These may include typography (bold, italic, underlined), font style, guide words, key words, titles, diagrams, captions, labels, maps, charts, illustrations, tables, photographs, and sidebars/textboxes.