• creatively and critically manipulating language for a desired effect
• consciously and purposefully making intentional, stylistic choices, such as using sentence fragments or inverted syntax for emphasis or impact
• using techniques such as adjusting diction and form according to audience needs and preferences, using verbs effectively, using repetition and substitution for effect, maintaining parallelism, adding modifiers, varying sentence types

There are various writing and/or design processes depending on context, and these may include determining audience and purpose, generating or gathering ideas, free-writing, making notes, drafting, revising and/or editing, and selecting appropriate format and layout.

Students expand their understanding of the range of real-world audiences. These can include children, peers, community members, professionals, and local and globally connected digital conversations

Strategies may include conscious use of emotion, volume, pace, pause, inflection, and emphasis.

Strategies may include receptive body language, eye contact, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, and disagreeing respectfully.

may include debate, presentation, speech, small- and large-group discussion, interviewing, performance, school- and community-based forums

such as to inquire, to explore, to inform, to interpret, to explain, to take a position, to evaluate, to problem solve, to entertain

using active listening skills and receptive body language, paraphrasing and building on others’ ideas, disagreeing respectfully, extending thinking (e.g., shifting, changing) to broader contexts (social media, digital environments), collaborating in large and small groups