includes metacognitive strategies, such as identifying strengths and areas of focus, setting goals, making plans for improvement, and self-assessment

Within a type of communication, the writer, speaker, or designer chooses a form based on the purpose of the piece. Common written forms include narrative, journal, procedural, expository, explanatory, news article, e-mail, blog, advertisements, poetry, novel, and letter.

refers to the consideration of format choices including layout, sequencing, spacing, topography, and colour

refers to the way the author organizes text

elements of the text that are not considered the main body. These may include typography (bold, italic, underlined), font style, guide words, key words, titles, diagrams, captions, labels, maps, charts, illustrations, tables, photographs, and sidebars/textboxes.

Distinguish between independent and collaborative settings, and formal and informal situations.

texts that combine two or more systems, such as linguistic, visual, audio, gestural, and spatial, and that can be delivered via different media or technologies (e.g., spoken word/slam poetry, recitation, oral storytelling, readers’ theatre, debate, radio/podcast/social media, YouTube, interviews, voice-overs)

Consider the extent to which material has credibility, currency, and significance for the purpose, and whether it resonates with personal experience.

Consider point of view, bias, propaganda, and voices left out, omitted, or misrepresented.

refers to the land and other aspects of physical environment on which people interact to learn, create memory, reflect on history, connect with culture, and establish identity